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The Colony Stimulating Factor 3 Receptor (CSF3R) gene is mutated in 59% of chronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) or atypical chronic myeloid leukemia (aCML). CSF3R mutation has been reported in 30-80% of leukemia arising in patients with severe congenital neutropenia. It has also been reported in 4% of colon cancer and 3% of small cell/squamous cell lung cancer. The presence of CSF3R mutation is important for diagnosis, classification, and prognosis of chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms.